Tuesday, March 10, 2009

முக்குலத்தோர் வரலாறு

The Mukkulathor (English: the three clans) is a community native to the southern districts of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The name "Mukkulathor" alludes to the three roughly designated groups, Kallar, Maravar and Agamudaiyar, which make up the community. Mukkulathors are also called Thevars.
Mukkulathors are found all over the southern and central districts of Tamil Nadu, North-east Sri Lanka and amongst Tamil expatriate communities in South-East Asia and America. There is also a small community in Chattisgarh where they had migrated during British rule. The Mukkulathor are the Kshatriyas of Tamilagam. They ruled the Tamil kingdom in the form of Chera, Chola, Pandya and Pallava dynasty. The royal houses of Pudukkottai, Ramnad and Sivaganga belong to Mukkulathor communities.
Contents
[hide]
1 Kallar
2 Maravar
3 Agamudayar
4 History
4.1 Origins
5 The Nayak Period and the Polygars
5.1 Freedom fighters and the Polygar Wars
6 Surnames
7 Religion
8 In Inscriptions
8.1 Current Status
9 The code of Predatory Warfare and Self-sacrifice by Maravars and warrior castes in ancient Tamilnadu
10 Notes
11 References
12 List of prominent Mukkulathors
13 See also
14 External links
15 Internal links
[edit] Kallar
Kallar(Tamil: கள்ளர் (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1">கள்ளர்) (meaning "Veerar"), is one of the three castes which constitute the Mukkalathor confederacy. "a fearless community show many signs of independence and non-submission to any form of subjugation". They were expert soldiers and constituted the bulk of Chola and Pandya armies.
One of the principal weapons of the Kallars is the boomerang. This has evoked comparisons with the Australian aborigines and vouch for the theory that Kallars were one of the earliest people to inhabit the Indian subcontinent. The occupation of Kallars is warrior.
Kallars are found largely in Madurai, Dindigul, Sivagangai, Pudukkottai, Thanjavur, Trichy, Theni and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu. One of their popular deities is Kallazhagar who is a warrior form of Lord Thirumala or Venkadavan.
The Pandi temples (Muni koil) found in Madurai regions are the tombs of Pandia Kings and Kallars worshipped them as God. Pandiyar kudavarai found in Aritapatti (Near Melur) has been built for Siddhars by Pandia kings.
There are various sub-castes of Kallars, amongst whom the Ambalakarar is the most important. They were a warlike people who strongly resisted every British attempt to subjugate them. They are found in Madurai and Sivaganga districts. In these districts, each village is headed by an Ambalam (president of an assembly) and the Ambalam took upon themselves the power to adjudicate disputes that arose among the inhabitants in the "NADU", belonging to different castes. They used to hear complaints, hold inquiries and punish the offenders. They wielded considerable powers to intervene in any kind of transaction or transfer of property among the people. No land could be alienated from one man to another without the permission of the Ambalams. The sur-name "Ambalam"is given to them, because of their Administration in their Villages. So they are mostly called as "Ambalam".
Another important Kallar subcaste is the Piramalai Kallar. They are highly conservative and have preserved their customs and traditions to the present day. They are also believed to be the oldest inhabitants of the Tamil country with reports of their presence going back to Tamil literary works of the 4th century B.C. They are found mainly in the districts of Madurai, Dindigul and Theni. Their popular deity is Amman, the Mother Goddess.
Other important subcastes are Koothappar Kallars, Periyasuriyur Kallars, Gandarvakoatai Kallars and Esanattu Kallars found largely dominated in Thanjavur, Pudukkottai &Trichy Districts. Reference in Ponniyin Selvan
Some of the surnames are seen in Tamil copper-plate inscriptions was also mentioned in Ponniyin Selvan (Tamil historical novel written by Kalki Krishnamurthy).
Paluvettaraiyar(பழுவேட்டரையன்)
Malayaman(மலையமான் (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1">மலையமான்)
Vallavaraiyar(வல்லவரையன்)
Nilakkilar
Kaliyaraiyar
Puvaraiyar
Mutaraiyar
Muniaraiyar
Velar(வேளார்)
Vanataraiyar
Adigaman(Adigaman Neduman Anji of Tagadur)(சதியபுதோ அதியந் நெடுமாந் அஞ்சி)
Thondaiman தொண்டைமான்
[edit] Maravar
Maravar (Tamil: மறவர்) (meaning "veerar", upper caste), are one of the oldest castes to be mentioned by the Sangam Tamil literature. This indicates an association with the Tamil land which is at least 2,000 years old. The writers of the Sangam Age place them in rural settlements withdrawn from cities. Maravar, in Tamil, means a warrior. Maravars are the courageous breed and were involved in the major wars that Tamilnadu witnessed.The Maravar are popularly given the title 'Thevar / Devar'.Other historians postulate that Maravar is derived from Tamil language term Marutham (called as Thinnai). They originally lived in (See Ancient Tamil country). The name of the city Madurai is also postulated to be derived from Maruthai and honorific title of local Pandya kings..They were the rulers of ancient tamilnadu.They ruled the vast land mass of tamilnadu along with Paravar,the coastal rulers.Both these tribes have same origin and they are famous throughout south India for their valour.They were bloodly related akins.The Maravar and Paravar constitute the Kshatriya varna of Tamil caste system.The southern styles of Kalarippayattu,silambam,varma kalai have been practiced primarily by nairs ezhavas,Kallars and Thevars of erstwhile Travancore areas.The Maravar have close relation with kalabhras but they were non-aryan,non-kalabhar group.They were ancint rulers of Pandya kingdom from the first sangam age. Another predominant caste called the Paravars and Maravars were collectively called as Meenavar and Villavar of the past.They both have same origin and they had control over pandya kingdom.Their leaders were given the title"Meenavan" or "Pandyan".Edgar Thurston (1855-1935) a British museologist and ethnographer identified the use of the boomerang by kallar and marawar.
[edit] Agamudayar
Maruthu Pandy bro's came from Agamudayar(Servai)"a fearless community show many signs of independence and non-submission to any form of subjugation". They were expert Lead Warrior’s and constituted the bulk of Chola and Pandya armies.
(Tamil: அகமுடையார்) (also known as Agam Padaiyar) is one of the three Mukkulathor castes found in all the Tamil districts. However, most agamudaiyars are found in Thanjavur, Madurai and Tirunelveli districts." [2]
They also know as rulers or the crown prince.
There are various derivations of the word "Agamudaiyan" or "Ahamudaiyan". " derived from the root aham, which, in Tamil, has many significations.[3]In one of these, it means a house, in another earth, and hence it has two meanings, householder and landholder ; the suffix Udeiyar indicating ownership. The word is also used in another form, ahambadiyan, derived from another meaning of the same root, i.e., inside. And, in this derivation, it signifies a particular caste, whose office it was to attend to the business in the interior of the king's palace, or in the pagoda".[3] " The name," Mr. J. H. Nelson writes, "is said by the Rev. G. U. Pope, in his edition of the Abbe Dubois' work to be derived from aham, a temple, and padi, a step, and to have been given to them in consequence of their serving about the steps of temples. But, independently of the fact that Madura pagodas are not approached by fiights of steps, this seems to be a very far-fetched and improbable derivation of the word. Or, perhaps, the name comes from aham in the sense of earth, and pati, master or possessor."[3][4]
ref name="castesandtribes1_p7" />[5] The ordinary title of the Agamudaiyans is Servaikkaran, but many of them call themselves Pillai.[5] In Thanjavur and tirunelveli districts agamudaiyans are also called "Terkittiyar" or "southerners".[5] The Agamudaiyans are divided into the following sub-sects: Aivali Nattan, Kottaipattu, Malainadu, Nattumangalam, Rajaboja, Rajakulam (Rajakulam and Parvatha Rajakulam), Rajavasal, Kalian,Sani,thuluva vaelalar(tholuva), Maravan, and Servaikkaran. The Agam udaiyars slowly migrated towards the northern part of Tamil Nadu, settled there and changed their caste name to Thuluva Vellala. Thuluva vellalar is just the renaming of Agam udayar and hence are classified as one by the Tamil Nadu government, India[17]. Intermingling of on a large scale between two distinct communities is very unlikely and has no historical evidence. The Agam udaiyars changed their name to Thuluva Vellala.
[edit] History
[edit] Origins
There are diverse theories with regard to the origin of Mukkulathors.
Dr Spencer Wells and Dr. Pitchappan have found an ancient DNA marker in the blood of Kallar that links them to the very first modern humans who migrated out of Africa and travelling through the southern coastline of Asia had eventually reached Australia. Yet, this is an isolated case found only among the individuals of the Kallar caste.{{Factdate=Marc
[edit] The Nayak Period and the Polygars
The downfall of the Mukkulathors occurred in 1345 with the fall of Vira Pandyan IV and the subsequent conquest of Madurai by the Delhi Sultanate. However, the southern territories of the Sultanate soon asserted their independence and the Mukkulathors recovered under the Vijayanagar Empire and later under the Nayak dynasty during whose period they served as Polygars or chieftains. The Nayaks were actually governors appointed by Vijayanagar kings and were Balija Naidus of Telugu origin. Later, after the fall of Vijayanagar, they established some measure of independence in the provinces which they governed and appointed individuals from the warrior Mukkulathor clans as their military chieftains and governors. After a century of peace and prosperity, the Nayak kingdom disintegrated and regional Polygar chieftains most of whom were from the Mukkulathor communities, making use of this opportunity, established their dominance and rule in the areas which they governed. However, just as their sun was in its ascendancy there arose a serious obstacle in the form of the British East India Company who desired to force the Polygars into submission and annex their territories to the Madras Presidency.
[edit] Freedom fighters and the Polygar Wars
There was a clash of interests between Mukkulathor Polygar chieftains seeking to recover their lands after 400 years of foreign rule and the British East India Company, an emerging power seeking to expand its influence and power into new territories and to arrest the growth of French influence in India ahead of the Seven Years War.
The first direct challenge was thrown by Puli Thevan in 1755. This was precipitated by the support the British East India Company lent to Puli Thevar's enemy, the Nawab of Arcot. Puli Thevar is remembered as the first king to have fought and defeated the British in India. His exploits have since become legendary.
Resistance to British rule was also offered by Padal Vellaiya Tevan who fought the British along with Kattabomman. His son Desakaval Senbaga Tevar is also remembered for his exploits.
Queen Velu Nachiyar, Queen of Sivaganga, is another noted personality who fought with the British during early British Era.
The Maruthu Pandiyar brothers are notable for their role in the Polygar Wars. They were eventually captured by the British and hanged in 1801.
All the fighters had some amount of kallar warriors.
[edit] Surnames
The surnames used by the Mukulathor people are Ambalakarar("not" ambalakaran/valayar), Servai, Vandaiyar,Veeramundar,Paluvettaraiyar,Malayaman,Vallavaraiyar,Etrandaar,Mannaiyar, Nattar (not Nadar), kumarandar,rajaliyar etc. It is a general practice in Tamil Nadu to address a Thevar woman as "Nachchiyaar". The Kallars of Dindigul, Trichy, Thanjavur, Theni, Madurai, Sivaganga, Pudukottai and Ramnad Districts have very distinct surnames. Some of the most common names are Anjathevar,Olivarayar, Vanathirayar, Sendapiriyar, OOnayaar, Alathondamar, Ambalam, Aarsuthiyar,Kaadavaraayar, Kalingarayar, Vandaiyaar, Veeramundar, Sepillaiyar, Vallundar, Thanjaraayar, Chozhangaraayar, Kandiyar, Pursaar, Vaanavaraayar, Mazhavaraayar, Payer, Kommatti, Mootar, Patti, Kannakkarar, Irungular, Singilaar, Pallavaraayar, Ponnapoondar, Pullavaraayar, Servai, araimeendar, Vanavarayar, Vairayar, Ponpethiar,G opalar, Thondaimaan, Thevar, Kandapillai, Vayaadiyar, Vanniar, Nattaar, Vallambar, Alankara Priyar, mavaliyar, Munaiyatriyar, Keerudayar, Saaluvar, Manraayar, Kaadavaraayar, Madhavarayar, Mudaliyar, Onthiriyar, Servai, Serumadar, Sethurayar, Vambaliar, Thenkondaar, Mankondaar, Kaaduvetiyaar, Sozhagar, Chozanga Nattar, etc. There are over 700 surnames in use.
Not many marriages happen between people with the same surname. The Kallar with surname of "Vanniar" or "Vanniyar" still follow the traditional ways. In Thanjavur district the oldest person in the village is treated as "Arasukarar" (king), and they have been given the first respect during the "Pongal" festival. This has been followed all the way from Chola kingdom as heard. Every surname has its own description, for example The people who hold sword(vaal) and patrol the city during the Chola period are called "Valludayar" later it becomes "Vandayar".
Some of the surnames are seen in Tamil copper-plate inscriptions was also mentioned in Ponniyin Selvan (Tamil historical novel written by Kalki Krishnamurthy).
[edit] Religion
They are traditionally Hindus. Today they constitute a significant part of the Tamil community in India, Sri Lanka, and in other parts of the world.
[edit] In Inscriptions
Inscription, from 1655, records an accord between the Sthanathar, the Chetti merchant community, and the Nattar to contribute fifty Kalanju of gold to the Elunattu Mutt at Chidambaram. Link [1]
[edit] Current Status
Although a great many of the members are still agriculturalists, many have also progressed up the social ladder as doctors, engineers, entrepreneurs, politicians and civil servants. Large number of people from the community are serving the nation as military men. Large number of people serving the tamilnadu police department.
[edit] The code of Predatory Warfare and Self-sacrifice by Maravars and warrior castes in ancient Tamilnadu
Avippali, Thannai, Verttal, Vallan pakkam, Pun Kilithu Mudiyum Maram and Marakkanchi: the forms of martial self-sacrifice and suicidal battle of the warrior as the ultimate expression of honour and his loyalty to his King. These six forms of martial self-sacrifice are defined as described by the works referred to above.
Pulla Vazhkai Vallan Pakkam – the martial attitude of the warrior who goes forth into suicidal battle is mentioned by Tholkappiyam. The other works refer to it as Thannai Verttal. Duarte Barbosa describes the practice among the Nayar(of the Chera kingdom). It was later noticed by British officials as well. It was also prevalent among the Maravar (of the Pandya kingdom) from whom the Aapathhuthavi bodyguard was selected. Thannai Verttal also refers to the self-sacrifice of a warrior on hearing that his king or commander has died (Purapporul Venpa Malai). Punkilithu Mudiyum Maram is the martial act of a warrior who commits self-sacrifice by tearing apart his battle wound.
Another form of martial self-sacrifice mentioned by all the works except Veera soliyam, is Avippali. Tamil inscriptions speak of it as Navakandam. Inscriptions found in many parts of Tamilnadu provide greater information on the practice. Navakandam is the act of a warrior who slices his own neck to fulfil the vow made to korravai – the Tamil goddess of war – for his commanders’ victory in battle. The Kalingathu Parani(10) – a work which celebrates the victory of the Chola king Kulotunga and his general Thondaman in the battle for Kalinga, describes the practice in detail. “The temple of korravai is decorated with lotus flowers which bloomed when the warriors sliced their own necks”(106); “they slice the base of their necks; the severed heads are given to the goddess”(111); “when the neck is sliced and the head is severed, the headless body jumps with joy for having fulfilled the vow”(113).
The epics of Chilapadikaram (5: 79-86) and Manimekalai (6: 50-51) mention the practice. To ensure the complete severing of the head, the warrior tied his hair to a bamboo bent taut before he cut his neck. Hero stones depicting this practice are found all over Tamil Nadu, and are called Saavan Kallu by locals. The warriors who thus committed self-sacrifice were not only deified in hero stones (saavan kallu) and worshipped but their relatives were given lands which were exempted from tax(11).
An area handbook (Tharamangalam) of the Tamilnadu archeology department notes that “the Nava Kandam sculpture which is found widely all over Kongu Nadu (Coimbatore, Salem) is to be seen at the Tharamangalam Kailasanathar kovil also. The people call it Saavan Kallu. “The practice of Nava Kandam existed in Kongu Nadu till the early part of this [i.e., 20th] century.”(12)
A Saavan Kallu at Thenkarai Moolanatha sami Kovil in Madurai, depicting the act of a warrior holding his hair with his left hand and slicing his neck with his right – 14th century – is said to be annually worshipped by the Conjeevaram Mudaliyars.(13) The Conjeevaram Mudaliyars are Kaikolar, a presentday weaving caste which was militarized under the Chola empire and was made into a special military body; there are indications that Kaikolar warriors practiced Nava Kandam(14).
Apart from these codified forms of martial self-sacrifice, a method called Vadakkiruththal is mentioned in Tamil heroic poetry. It is the act of a warrior king fasting to death, if some dire dishonour were to come upon him(15). The Tamil teacher, and the Dravidian propagandist, turned the song of the legendary Chera king Irumborai who committed self-sacrifice when he was taken captive by his enemies into a compelling theme in Tamil renaissance.
The Avippali form of martial self-sacrifice as the ultimate expression of loyalty to one’s commander, is deeply embedded in the Tamil psyche. Senchorru-kadan (the debt of red rice) is a phrase that is widely used today by Tamils as an expression of loyalty. One frequently hears of it in a popular Tamil song. The phrase sands for the ritual of partaking of rice by which Maravar and other Tamil military caste warriors bound themselves to their king or commander to die in suicidal battle for him, or to commit self-sacrifice on the day he was slain. Of Avippali, the Puraporul Venba Malai ([verse] 92) says, “thinking of nothing but the red (blood) rice the Maravar give their life as offering in battle.”
The ritual of red or blood rice was described by two Muslim travellers who had visited the Tamil country in the 9th century. “A quantity of cooked rice was spread before the king, and some three or four hundred persons came of their own accord and received each a small quantity of rice from the king’s own hands, after he himself had eaten some. By eating of this rice, they all engage themselvesto burn themselves on the day the king dies or is slain; and they punctually fulfill their promise.”(16) In modern times it has been observed that “when a Maravar takes food in the house of a stranger, he will take a pinch of earth and put it on the food before he commences his meal.”(17) This act freed him from the debt of blood rice.[2]
[edit] Notes
^ http://www.ambedkar.org/chandrabhan/Secularismor.htm
^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol I, Pg 5
^ a b c Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol I, Pg 6
^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol I, Pg 7
^ a b c Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol I, Pg 8
[edit] References
Thurston, Edgar; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India Volume I - A and B. Madras: Government Press.
On Tamil Militarism- The suppression of Tamil military castes
Genetic structure of four socio-culturally diversified caste populations of southwest India
[edit] List of prominent Mukkulathors
See also: List of Thevars
N.Periasamy,Ex M.L.A (D.M.K) OF Thoothukudi.They are servai caste.
N.P.Geetha Jeevan, Social Welfare Minister (D.M.K).They are servai caste.
R.Kasthuri Thangam,Mayor of Thoothukudi.They are servai caste.
[edit] See also
Forward Castes
Martial Race
Puli Thevar
Maruthu Pandiyar
U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
Karaikudi
Devapattu Kallars
[edit] External links

12 comments:

  1. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=vRwS6FmS2g0C&pg=PA277&lpg=PA277&dq=veera+soliyam&source=bl&ots=RE7xQsQ19V&sig=82zEmtQOszTluE0dPy_hwTgQfWM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jp8XUMHaKILkrAeW3oHQCg&ved=0CGQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=veera%20soliyam&f=false

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  2. VILLAVAR AND BANAS

    Pandya is the title of Villavar rulers as well as Banas. Bana kingdoms were present throughout India. Most of the India were ruled by Bana rulers. Throughout India numerous places called Banpur which were capitals of Banas exist. Banas were called as Banasura also.

    Banas were the the Northern cousins of Villavar who ruled Kerala and Tamilnadu. In Karnataka and Andhra also was ruled by Banas.

    VILLAVAR SUBGROUPS

    1. Villavar

    2. Malayar

    3. Vanavar

    The seagoing cousins of Villavar were called Meenavar

    4. Meenavar

    Pandyas emerged from all these subgroups in the ancient times. They also used the flag of the sub clans. For eg.

    1. Pandyan from Villavar clan was called Sarangadwaja Pandyan. He carried a Bow-arrow flag.

    2. Pandyan from Malayar clan was called Malayadwaja Pandyan. He carried a flag with Hill insignia.

    3. Pandyan from Vanavar subclan carried a Bow-arrow or Tiger or Tree flag.

    4. Pandyan from Meenavar clan carried a fish flag and called himself Meenavan.

    In the laterdays all the Villavar clans merged to form Nadalvar clans. Ancient Meenavar clan also merged with Villavar and Nadalvar clans.

    Laterdays Nagas who migrated from North became fishermen in south. They are not ethnically related to Villavar-Meenavar clans.

    VILLAVAR TITLES

    Villavar, Nadalvar, Nadar, Santar, Chanar, Shanar, Charnnavar, Chantrahar, Chanthahan, Chandar, Perumbanar, Panickar, Thiruppappu, Kavara (Kavurayar), Illam, Kiriyam, Kana, Mara Nadar, Nattathi, Pandiyakula Kshatriya, Nelamakkarar etc.

    Ancient Pandyan dynasty was split into three kingdoms.

    1. Chera dynasty.

    2. Chola dynasty

    3. Pandyan dynasty


    CHERA CHOLA PANDYAN DYNASTIES

    Chera kings were Villavars, Pandiyas were Villavar-Meenavar and Cholas were Vanavars and all of them belonged to Villavar-Meenavar clans
    All were supported by Villavars.

    ORDER OF IMPORTANCE

    1. Chera Kingdom

    Villavar
    Malaiyar
    Vanavar
    Iyakkar

    2. Pandian Empire

    Villavar
    Meenavar
    Vanavar
    Malaiyar

    3. Chola Empire

    Vanavar
    Villavar
    Malaiyar

    BANA AND MEENA

    In the Northern India Villavar were known as Banas and Bhils. Meenavar were known as Meena or Matsya.

    Early residents of Indus Valley and Gangetic plains were Bana and Meena clans.

    King Virata who gave refuge to Pandavas for one year was a Matsya - Meena ruler.

    Despite their Asura status Banas were invited to all Swayamvaras.

    ASSAM BANA KINGDOM

    A Bana kingdom called Asura Kingdom with capital at Sonitpur ruled Assam during ancient times. Throughout India Bana-Meena and Villavar-Meenavar kingdoms existed until the end of middle ages.

    MAHABALI

    Banas and Villavar considered King Mahabali as their ancestor. Numerous kings with Mahabali title ruled India. Villavars called their ancestor Mahabali as Maveli.

    ONAM
    Onam festival celebrates the return of king Mahabali who had ruled Kerala every year. The places Mavelikkara, Mahabalipuram both named after Mahabali.

    MAVELI
    One of the titles of Pandyas were Maveli. Pandyas rivals the Banas were also called Maveli Vanathi Rayar.

    DANAVA DAITYA

    Ancient Danavas and Daityas could be Bana subgroup of Indus Valley. The king of Daityas was called Mahabali. The first Dams in India were built by Banas on the Indus river four thousand years ago.

    HIRANYAGARBHA CEREMONY

    Both Villavars and Banas performed Hiranyagarbha ceremony. In Hiranyagarbha ceremony the Pandya king simulated to emerge from the golden womb of King Hiranya. Hiranya was the ancestor of Mahabali.

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  3. VILLAVAR AND BANAS

    WAR AGAINST NAGAS

    Kalithokai an ancient Tamil literature describes a great war fought between combined armies of Villavar Meenavar against Nagas. In that war Villavar Meenavar were defeated and Nagas occupied central India.

    NAGA MIGRATION TO SOUTH

    Various clans of Nagas migrated to south India and Srilanka especially to coastal areas.

    1. Varunakulathor(Karave)
    2. Guhankulathor (Maravar, Murguhar, Sinhalese)
    3. Kurukalathor (Karaiyar)
    4. Paradavar
    5. Kalabhras (Kallar, Kalappalar, Vellalar)
    6. Ahichatram Nagas (Nair)

    These Nagas were the main enemies of Villavars. Nagas sided with Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagara Naickars and Europeans colonial rulers and opposed Villavars, leading to Villavar downfall.

    KARNATAKA'S BANA AND VILLAVAR ENMITY

    Despite having common origins Karnataka's Banas and Villavar were enemies. Kerala was occupied by Banas from Alupas Pandyan Kingdom of Tulunadu (Banapperumal) in 1120 AD.

    Balija Naickers occupied Tamilnadu in 1377 AD.
    Chola Pandyan kingdoms of Villavar were occupied by Balija Naickars (Bana descendents of Mahabali, Banajigas) of Vijayanagara empire.

    END OF VILLAVARS

    The invasion of Malik Kafur in 1310 led to the defeat of Pandyan dynasty. Villavars were massacred and all the three Tamil kingdoms came to an end.

    KARNATAKAS PANDYAN KINGDOMS

    Karnataka had many Banappandyan kingdoms

    1. Alupa Pandyan kingdom
    2. Uchangi Pandyan Kingdom
    3. Santara Pandyan kingdom
    4. Nurumpada Pandyan kingdom.

    Karnataka Pandyans used Kulasekhara title also.

    ANDHRAPRADESH

    Bana kingdoms of Andhra

    1. Bana kingdom
    2. Vijayanagara kingdom.

    FLAGS OF BANAS

    Early
    1. Double Fish
    2. Bow-Arrow

    Late
    1. Bull Crest
    2. Monkey crest (Vanara dwaja)
    3. Conch
    4. Wheel
    5. Eagle

    Travancore Kings had Conch Insignia on their flag because they were Banas from Alupa dynasty Karnataka.
    Sethupathis had Anumakkodi or Hanuman flag (Vanara Dwaja) because they were Vanathirayars from Kalinga.

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  4. VILLAVAR AND BANAS

    BANA AND MEENA

    In the Northern India Villavar were known as Banas and Bhils. Meenavar were known as Meena or Matsya.

    NORTH INDIAN BANA CLANS.

    The North Indian Banas had the titles Bana, Bania, Vada Balija, Agni, Vanni, Tirgala etc.. North Indian Banas had merged with various communities such as Jats, Rajputs. Some Banas had become subservient to Rajputs and Aryan rulers. Some Banas had adopted bow and Arrow making as their profession.

    PALLAVA BANAR.

    Pallava kings had migrated from the ancient Uttara Panchala country (Uttarpradesh and Nepal) to Andhra in 200 BC. The capital of Uttara Panchala country was Ahichatram. Pallava kings were Brahmins belonging to Bharadvaja Gotra and were descendents of Aswathama but had mixed with a Parthian dynasty. With Pallava kings, an army of Banars who had jungle cutting as profession, migrated from the Panchala country to south india.
    These Prakrit speaking Bana clans from Panchala country had the titles Vanni, Thigala (Tirgala) and Vada Balija. Pallava occupied Tamilnadu in 275 AD. Bull insignia of the Bana clan was on Pallava flags. Pallava capital Mahabalipuram was named after the ancestor of Bana dynasty, king Mahabali.


    MEENA

    Meena clans of Rajasthan mixed with Bhil clans to form Bhil-Meena dynasties. Meena ruled Rajastan until 1030 AD. Alan Singh Meena Chanda was the last great ruler.

    BANAS

    A Bana dynasty was founded by Pallavas at southern Kosala kingdom at Chatisgarh and Odisha in 731 AD with capital at Pali. Vikramaditya I Jayameru was the last king.

    PANDYA DYNASTY OF TIKAMGARH

    Bana clans with Pandya title ruled from Kundeshwar as capital in Madhyapradesh.

    BANA TRADERS

    Banas transformed themselves into successful business community. Balijas formed various trade guilds such as Anchu Vannam and Manigramam and controlled trade. This trader-Warriors were the Balija Naickers. Balija closely resembled German Hanseatic League. Balijas belonged to the Bana kingdom (Vaduga country) of Andhrapradesh.

    Conclusion

    Thus Pandyas are not present in Tamilnadu alone. All the Pandyans mentioned in Mahabharatham are not from Tamilakam alone. Some Pandyans supported Pandavas while others supported Kauvravas. Banappandiyans ruled whole of India. Some Banas used Pandya title . Others did not use Pandyan title. With Bana mixture various kingdoms emerged. North Indian Bana kingdoms declined after the invasions of barbaric foreign invaders such as Saka and Huna.

    ________________________________________________


    Villavar Malayar Vanavar Sangam age coin.

    https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q5Ebqb5XTE4/W1LYuq2vnrI/AAAAAAAAEH4/1b-_GJRcWWoS9FdoOaLnvyUiGU3_BJJSQCLcBGAs/s1600/new.png

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  5. THE TITLES OF VILLAVAR-BANA DYNASTIES

    Villavar and Bana clans were native Asura Dravidian ruler dynasties of India.


    VILLAVAR AND BANAS

    The Villavar and their northern cousins Banas were Dravidian ruler clans of India and Srilanka. Villavar and Banas descended from the clan of ancient Asura king Mahabali. Villavar subgroups were Villavar, Malayar and Vanavar. The seagoing cousins of Villavar were Meenavar. The merger of Villavar, Malayar, Vanavar and Meenavar clans created the Villava Nadazhwar or Nadar clans. Villavar and Banas ruled whole of India and Srilanka in the ancient times.

    The various clans of Villavar-Bana dynasty are


    1. Danava
    2. Daitya
    3 Bana
    4. Bhil
    5. Meena
    6. Villavar
    7. Meenavar


    TITLES OF VILLAVAR OF CHERA CHOLA PANDIYAN KINGDOMS

    Villavar, Nadalvar, Nadazhwar, Nadar, Nadan, Nadanmar, Nadakkamar, Santar, Chantor, Chanar, Shanar, Puzhukkai Chanar, Charnnavar, Chantrahar, Chanthakar, Chanthar, Chandar Perumbanar, Panickar, Panickkanadar, Annavi, Thiruppappu, Kavara, Illam, Kiriyam, Kana, Mootha Nadar, Marava Nadar, Kshatriya Nadar, Maran, Mara Nadar, Maravarman, Mukkandar, Moopar, Gramony, Nattathi, Karukkupattayathar, Kodimarathar, Kalla Chantar, Chedi Rayar, Chervaikkarar, Ezhachantar, Enathy, Asan, Sivanthi, Athithan, Adichan, Pandiyan, Pandiyakula Kshatriyar, Pandiya Thevar, Ravikula Kshatriyar, Nelamakkarar, Thevar, Kulasekhara, Kulasekhara Thevar, Villavar, Villar, Villavarayar, Vanavar, Vanniar, Malayar, Malayaman, Malayan Chantar, Meenavan, Chera, Magathai Nadazhwar, Makothai Nadazhwar, Nadavar, Nattavar, Nattar, Menattar, Chozhan, Chozha Thevar,, Chembian, Athiyar, Chonattar, Pandiya, Panayan, Panaya Maran, Panantharakan, Manattar, Nelveli Maran, Seeveli, Maveli, Kooveli etc


    EZHAVA

    Sannar, Panickar, Illathu Pillai, Illava, Thandan, Yakkar, Iyakkar, Chevakar


    VILLARVETTOM KINGDOM OF SYRIAN CHRISTIANS

    Maveli, Panickar, PanickarveetilVilledathu, Villadath,Vichatel, Ambadan, Pariyadan, Painadathu, Pynadath, Padayattil, Padamadan, Padayadan Panayathara, Pullan, Kolattu, Kovattukudi, Korattukudy, Kooveli, Cheradayi, Muvattu, Menacherry, Ezharathu, Manavalan, Manadan, Mannattu, Mazhuvanchery, Thandappilly, Veliath, Peruvanchikudy


    SRILANKAN VILLAVAR

    Villavar, Nadar, Chandar, Chanar, Chantar, Kottai Chantar, Yanaikkara Chantar, Kayittu Chantar, Nambi, Nalavar, Kottaivasal Nalavar, Panchamar, Chevakar, Bantari


    YAZHPANAM ARIYACHAKRAVARTHI DYNASTY

    Villavarayar, Kalinga Villavar, Panickar, Vanniar


    KANDY KINGDOM

    Kalinga Villavan, Dananjaya, Panickanar, Panickkar.


    KOTTE KINGDOM

    Villavar, Panickar.


    BANAPPANDIYAN KINGDOMS OF KARNATAKA

    Villavar = Bana, Bhilla, Bhillava
    Nadar = Nador, Uppu Nador, Torke Nador
    Nadalvar = Nadavara, Nadavaru, Nadava
    Santar = Santara, Santha, Canta, Chanta, Santhara and Santa
    Vanavar = Bana, Bantari, Bant, Bunt, Buntaru, Bhannaya
    Malayar = Maleya
    Meeenavar= Machiarasa
    Chanar = Channa
    Sanar = Sanna, Masana Masannaya
    Pandiyan=Pandiya
    Pandiya Thevar = Pandiya Deva
    Udaiyar=Vodeya, Odeya, Odeyarasa


    ALUPA PANDIYAN DYNASTY

    Nadava, Banta, Buntaru, Pandya, Alva, Aluva, Dananjaya , Kulasekhara, Kulasekharadeva, Alupendra, Pattiyodeya, Pandyarajah Ballal, Bhannaya, Maleya, Bhillava, Banan, Bangera, Kunda


    UCHANGI PANDYAN KINGDOM

    Pandiya


    IKKERI NAYAKA

    Nayaka, Bananja, Balija


    SANTARA PANDIYAN DYNASTY

    Pandiya, Bana, Bhilla, Santara, Santha, Canta, Chanta, Santhara and Santa Machiarasa, ChannaSanna, Masana MasannayaVodeya, Odeya, Bhairarasa, Deva


    NURUMBADA PANDIYA

    Pandiya, Bhilla, ChannaSanna, Odeyarasadeva, Deva, Devarasa


    KONKAN PANDYAN KINGDOM

    Pandiya, Nadavara


    GOA KADAMBA KINGDOM

    Pandiya, Uppu Nador, Torke Nador, Bantari, Saluva


    VIJAYANAGARA NAICKERS OF ANEGUNDI-KISHKINDA

    Nayaka, Naickar, Devarayar, Balija, Bananjika, Bananja, Valanchiyar, Ayyavolu, Ainnoottuvar, Ayyar, Ayyamgar, Bana, Vanar, Vanarar

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  6. THE TITLES OF VILLAVAR-BANA DYNASTIES

    BANA KINGDOM OF ANDHRA

    Bana, Mahabali Vanathi Rayar, Mahavili Vanathirayar, Vanniar Vanathiraja, Vanava Rayar, Vana Adiyar, Sanna, Balija, Naicker, Manavalan, Kanda Gopalan, Choda


    KOLAR BANA KINGDOM

    Bana,Vanathirayar, Vanar, Mahabali Vanathirayar, Vanniar Mudiyeda Manavalan, Thirumaliruncholai Vana, Ponparappinan.

    GOUD

    Setti Balija


    KALINGA BANA KINGDOM- RAMNAD- ARYACHAKRAVARTHI KINGDOM

    Gangai Pillai Vanathirayar, Pillai Kulasekhara Vanathirayar, Vanniyar, Kalinga Villavan, Dananjaya, Makone, Kulasekhara, Singai Ariyan


    MAHARASHTRA

    Bhantari

    NORTH INDIAN BANA-MEENA KINGDOMS


    VILLAVAR -MEENAVAR TITLE AND BHIL-MEENA TITLES

    1. VIllavar = Bhil
    2. Malayar= Mer, Mehr, Mehar, Meron, Mewar, Mevasi, Gomaladu
    3. Vanavar= Bana, Vana
    4. Meenavar= Meena
    5. Nadar, Nadalwar= Nadhala, Natharwal
    6. Santar, Chandar= Chanda
    7. Chera = Seroh


    MEENA DYNASTY OF RAJASTHAN

    Chanda, Chanda Meena, Meena, Bhil-Meena, Nadala, Nadhala, Nattala, Natharwal, Nattharwal, Gomaladu, Sihra, Seroh


    BHIL CLANS

    Bhil, Bhil Meena, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava and Vasave.


    BANA MERCHANTS OF NORTH INDIA

    BANIA

    Baaniya, Bania, Vania, Vaishnav Vania, Gupta


    RAJPUT CLANS

    Agnivanshi Rajputs, Chauhan


    PANDYAS OF KUNDESHWAR BANPUR TIKAMGARH MADHYA PRADESH

    Pandya, Panda, Pandyas of Kundeshwar, Baghwar Kshatriya, Bhagwar Rajput,


    TIRGAR

    Agni, Vanni, Tirbanda, Tirbonda, Tirgala, Banawadi, Bani Sad, Banwati, Kamanagar, Kamangar, Kamnagar, Ransaz, Tidgad, , Tirkar, Tirmali, Tirwar, Titkar, Tridar


    PALLAVA BANA OF PANCHALA COUNTRY AND TAMILNADU

    Vanniar, Vanniya Kula Kshatriyar, Agnikula Kshatriar, Kaduvetty, Thigalar, Vada Balija, Chavalakkarar, Chavalar, Vanne Kapu, Palle Kapu, Naicker, Vannia Gaunder


    BANA KINGDOM OF SONITPUR ASSAM

    Asura, Bana, Mahabali


    TITLES OF BANA CLANS OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

    Mahabali, Danava, Daitya, Asura


    ________________________________

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  7. மாறன், சாந்தகன், பனந்தாரகன், பனையமாறன், வில்லவன், செம்பியன், நாடாழ்வான், மகதை நாடாள்வார், திருப்பாப்பு ஆகியவை நாடார்களுக்குச் மாத்திரம் சொந்தமான சில வில்லவர் பட்டங்கள்.


    வில்லவ மன்னர்களின் சாந்தகன் பட்டம்

    சாந்தகன் பட்டம் என்பது வில்லவ நாடார்களின் சான்றார் பட்டத்தின் மாறுபாடாகும். சேர சோழ பாண்டிய மன்னர்கள் சாந்தகன் பட்டத்தை பயன்படுத்தினர்.

    நாடார்களின் வடக்கு உறவினர்களான மீனா வம்ச மன்னர்கள் சாந்தா மீனா பட்டத்தை
    பயன்படுத்தினர்.


    பரஞ்சோதி முனிவர் இயற்றிய திருவிளையாடற் புராணம் (2613)


    ஆற்றல் மிகு பிரதப சூரியன் வங்கிசத்துவன் அளவு இல்
    சீர்த்தி
    சாற்ற அரிய இரிபும மருத்தனன் சோழ வங்கி சாந்தகன்
    தான் வென்றி
    மாற்ற அரிய புகழ்ச் சேர வங்கி சாந்தகன் பாண்டி வங்கி
    கேசன்
    தோற்றம் உறு பரித்தேர் வங்கிச் சிரோமணி பாண்டீச் சுரன்
    தான் மன்னோ.

    ___________________________________________

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  8. SANTARA PANDIAN DYNASTY

    HOMBUJA

    Hombucha was known as Golden Bit and it was also called in various inscriptions asPomburchchha, Patti Pomburchchha and Pombuchcha.

    Humcha which was also called Pattipomburchhapura wbich had been thestronghold of the Kadamba of Banavasi between 3rd to 6th centuries AD and Chalukyas of Badami between 5th to 8th centuries AD. 

    Humcha became the capital of the Santara dynasty and the principality came to known as Santalige -1000 under the Chalukyas later.

    Jinadattaraya migrated to the town of Humcha with an idol of the Jain deity Padmavati, laying the foundation of the Santara kingdom in Humcha. He also built many Jain temples at Humcha.

    Prince Jinadattaraya reached a place where he rested under the lakki (Indrani) tree. As he slept, Goddess Padmavati appeared in his dream and instructed him to establish his Kingdom at this place. In the dream, the Goddess asked him to touch her image with his horse's 'bit' part of the bridle in the horse mouth. Jinadatta touched the Idol with the bridle horse bit, which was instantly changed into gold and brought him good fortune. The site of this miracle was henceforth referred to as Hombucha or Golden Bit.

    Santaras were Jains and had matrimonial relations with the Saivite Alupa royal family. Both Santara dynasty and Alupa dynasty were Banappandiyan dynasties. Santara dynasty promoted Digambara Jain sect.


    VIKRAMA SANTHA

    In 897 AD King Vikrama Santha built a Jain temple called Gudda Basadi and installed the idol of Lord Bahubali.

    Vikrama Santha had built a separate residence to his Guru Mouni Siddantha Bhattaraka who belonged to kunda Kundanvaya tradition in 897 AD.

    On top of the nearby hill, high above the mutt, there is another ancient basadi dedicated to Bahubali, which was constructed in 898 AD by Vikramaditya Santara. Muttinakere, where River Kumudavathi originates from, is nearby.


    BHUJABALI SANTHA

    Bhujabali Santha had built a Jain temple at Hombuja and had named it after himself. Further, he had donated the village Harivara for the well being of his guru Kanakanandi deva.


    SANTARA KING OF KADAMBA COUNTRY

    In 934 Santara became the king of Kadamba kingdom. Thus Banavasi Rule of Kadamba king Kalivittarasa Interrupted for one year when Santara was ruling over Banavasi.


    MACHIYARASA

    In 954 Machiyarasa was ruling in Narakki area Banavasi 12000. Meenavar were called as Machiarasa in the Banappandiyan kingdoms.


    SANTARAS, VASSALS OF CHALUKYAS

    Around 990 AD Santara Pandiyans of Hombuja and Nurumbada Pandiyans who remained at Kadamba kingdom became vassals of Chalukyas of Kalyani.


    SANTALIGE 1000 DIVISION

    In 990 Shantara country of Hombuja-Humcha was made a separate province called Santalige 1000 division. It happened towards the end of the 10th century or early 11th century when Hombuja was under the Chalukyas of Kalyani.

    After this period Santara country, became Vassal country of many powerful kingdoms such as, The Chalukyas of Kalyani, Rashtakutas,Hoysalas, Vijayanagara dynasty and the Keladi Nayakas etc


    SANTALIGE COUNTRY UNDER KADAMBA DYNASTY

    In 1012 Hombuja kingdom ie Santalige1000 was brought under the control of Kadamba Kingdom. Santara Prince of Hombuja became a vassal of Kadamba king Chatta Kadamba.

    In 1016 AD Santara clans of Hombuja overthrew Kadamba Suzernity. After that Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi ruled only Banavasi 12000 under the suzernity of Jayasimha Vallabha Chalukya.


    SANTALIGE UNDER KADAMBA DYNASTY AGAIN

    In 1031 Kadamba King Chatta Deva was ruling over Banavasi 12000 and Santalige 1000 ie Hombuja. Son of Kadamba Chatta Deva, SATYASRAYA DEVA, was the GOVERNOR of Santalige province.


    HOMBUJA SANTARAS UNDER HOYSALA DYNASTY

    Hoysala king Vinayaditya (1047 to 1098) brought Hombuja Santara kingdom under his control.

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  9. SANTARA PANDIAN DYNASTY

    JAGA DEVA SANTARA

    In 1099 A.D Jaga Deva Santara was ruling from Patti Pomburchcha Pura ie Humcha.


    SANTARA DYNASTY OF KALASA

    In 1100 Jakaladevi and Balaraja belonging to Santara dynasty ruled from their capital Kalasa in the Westernghats.


    SANTARA DYNASTY OF HOMBUJA

    In 1103 AD Santara king Malla Santha in memory of his wife Veera Abbarasi and in honour to his Guru Vadigaratta Ajithasena Pandita Deva had laid the foundation stone of a temple at Hombuja.


    BHUJABALI SANTHA

    In 1115 A.D Bhujabali Santha of Santara dynasty had built a Jain temple at Hombuja. Nanni Santha, brother of Bhujabali Santha was a staunch follower of Jainism.


    SANTALIGE BROUGHT UNDER CHALUKYA DYNASTY

    In 1116 AD all Kadamba territories ieBanavasi, Hangal and Santalige 1000 territory ruled by Hombuja Santara dynasty, were united again under the overlordship of Western Chalukya king Taila II.


    WAR BETWEEN CHALUKYA AND SANTARA DYNASTY

    In 1127 AD there was war between Western Chalukya King Tailapa and Santara king Permadi.

    Banavasi Dandanayaka Masanayya sent his brother in law Kaliga Nayaka who defeated Santara king and Santara king was dispossessed of his kingdom.

    Santalige continued to be under Kadamba Dynasty until 1130 AD.


    CHALUKYA PRINCE CROWNED AS KADAMBA KING

    In 1131 AD Mayuravarma III son of Chalukya king Tailapa was made king of Kadamba kingdom All the former Kadamba territories, Hangal,Banavasi 12000 and Santalige 1000 came under his suzernity.


    MASANAYYA

    Viragal at Hangal says that Dandanayaka, Masanayya alias Masana protected the boy who had been made king as Mayuravarma III.


    SANTALIGE UNDER SANTARA KING

    In 1172 Veerasantha who succeeded Nanniyaganga as the ruler of Hombuja was called as "Jinadevana Charana Kamalgala Bhrama" 


    SANTARA KINGS OF HOSAGUNDA

    After 1180 Beeradevarasa, Bommarasa and Kammarasa became the kings of the Hosagunda branch of Santara dynasty.

    At 1200 AD Teerthahalli region near Humcha was then known as  Santalige Savira indicating that Teerthahalli region was under Santalige 1000. Savira meant 1000 in Kannada.


    SPLITTING OF SANTARA DYNASTY

    Santara dynasty split into two branches by the 12 century AD. One branch was stationed in Hosagunda of Shimoga district and another branch to Kalasa in the Western ghats, chikkamagalur district.


    MIGRATION FROM HOMBUJA

    Gradually these Santara dynasty branches ie Hosagunda and Kalasa branches or only the Kalasa branch shifted their capitals to Keravashe which was 14 km north-east of Karkala and then to Karkala, both were in the old South Canara district. Hence the territory they ruled was also known as the Kalasa-Karkala kingdom.


    HOSAGUNDA SANTARA DYNASTY'S CONVERSION TO HINDUISM

    In 1200 Santara branch that was stationed in Hosagunda who were originally Digambara Jains embraced Shavite Hinduism.


    KALASA-KARKALA  KINGDOM

    In 1200 AD a branch of Santara Pandiyan dynasty moved to south from Hombuja-Humcha and founded two capitals. 

    One capital was Karkala in the coastal plains and another capital Kalasa was in the Western ghats. Hence the territory ruled by Santara Pandiyan dynasty was also known as the Kalasa-Karkala kingdom.


    After 1200 AD Santara Kings were also called as Bhairarasa, who ruled over Malenadu region in the Westernghats, as well as the Coastal Districts  of Karnataka.

    Kalasa-Karakala kingdom extended over a wider area comprising Sringeri, Koppa, Balehonnur, Mudigere in Chikamagalur and most of the Karkala taluk. Kalasa-Karkala kingdom was situated east of Mangalore. Karkala was also known as Pandiya Nagari.


    SANTALIGE UNDER VIJAYANAGARA

    After 1336 AD Santara dynasty of Hombuja-Hosagunda became the subordinate Vassal country under the suzernity of the Vijayanagara Empire. But the Kalasa-Karkala Santara Pandiyan kingdom remained independent

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  10. SANTARA PANDIAN DYNASTY

    KARKALA SANTARA PANDYAS

    Santara King Veera Bhairarasa ruled from Karkala from 1390 AD to 1420 AD.


    INSTALLATION OF BAHUBALI STATUE BY SANTARA VEERA PANDYA DEVA

    At 1432 AD Santara Veera Pandya Deva, who was a scholar known for his generous disposition was ruling from Karkala otherwise known as Pandiya Nagari. Karkala had been the capital of Santara dynasty. Santara Veera Pandya maintained good relations with the Sringeri Math. The biggest achievement of Santara Veera Pandya Deva's reign was the installation of the 42 feet high monolithic statue of Lord Bahubali at Karkala at 1432 AD. Santara ruler Veera Pandya had the title Bhairarasa also.


    VEERA PANDYA IV

    In 1455 AD Santara Veera Pandya was succeeded to throne by his brother's son, Veera Pandya IV and he ruled from 1455 to 1475 AD. King Santara Veera Pandiya IV constructed the 57-foot beautifully carved Manastambha in front of the Neminatha Basadi at Hiriyangady in 1457 AD. On the completion of the Manastambha, he got the title "Abhinava Pandya.''


    IMMADI BHAIRARASA VODEYA SANTARA

    Chaturmukha Jain Basadi in Karkala was constructed under the patronage of Immadi Vodeya (Bhairava II) of the Santara Dynasty at 1586 AD. Chaturmukha Jain Basadi which had been built in the late 16th-century contains images of Jain saints Aranath, Mallinath and Munisuvratnath.  Chaturmukha Basadi was built on top of a small rocky hill in 1586 A.D. The Basadi had four identical entrances from the four quarters leading to the Garbagriha and hence is popularly known as Chaturmukha Basadi.

    Immadi Bhairava Vodeya, who was also instrumental in building a "Sadhana Chaityalaya'' at a place called Koppa.

    Vodeya title is similar to Udaiyar title of Vanavar subgroup of Villavars.


    END OF SANTARA PANDIAN DYNASTY

    The Santara Pandiyan dynasty disappeared after the invasions by the Nayakas of Keladi and by Hyder Ali in 1763 AD.


    KELADI NAYAKA DYNASTY

    The Keladi Nayakas established their kingdom around 1499 AD with capital at Keladi near Hosagunda, in the area formerly ruled by Santara dynasty of Hombuja. Keladi Nayakas also belonged to Bana Dynasty similar to Santara Pandiyan dynasty and to the Banajiga subgroup of Balija Naickers. Keladii Nayakas occupied Karnataka south of Keladi and northern Kerala upto Kannur.

    Most of the areas of a Kalasa-Karkala Santara Pandiyan kingdom had been occupied by the Kelady Nayakas by the AD 1700s.


    INVASION OF HYDER ALI

    In 1763 AD Hyder Ali defeated Keladi Nayakas and annexed Keladi Nayaka kingdom to Mysore kingdom. Hyder Ali invaded Santara Pandiyan kingdom of Karkala in 1763 AD and annexed it to Mysore Kingdom. Santara Pandiyan dynasty completely disappeared after the invasion of Hyder Ali.


    CONCLUSION:

    The Chera, Chola and Pandiyan kingdoms ruled by Santars who were also known as Nadalvar, Nadar or Chanar. Santar rulers descended from the ancient Villavar-Meenavar dynasty.

    Following the invasions of Turkish sultanate in 1311 AD and the invasion of Balija Naickers of Kishkinda-Anegundi in 1377 AD, Chera, Chola and Pandian kingdoms came to an end.

    Similarly Santara Pandiyan kingdom of Karnataka came to an end after the invasion of Keladi Nayakas who were Balija Naickers in the 1700s and the invasion of Hyder Ali in 1763 AD.

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  11. CLANS AMONG BANA-PANDIYAN DYNASTIES OF KARNATAKA EQUIVALENT TO NADAR CLANS

    Bana kingdoms of Coastal Karnataka and Goa
    1. Alupa Pandyan kingdom
    2. Konkan Pandyas of Gokarna
    2. Goa Kadamba kingdom

    The Northern cousins of Villavar clans of Tamilakam were Banas. Banas were relatives but they were also arch enemies of Villavar dynasties. Bana aristocracy had similar titles as the titles of Villavar aristocracy. Nadava, Nadavara and Nador were the titles used by Bana aristocracy of coastal Karnataka and Goa. Nadavara might be a variant of Nadazhwar or Nadar title found in the Villavar aristocracy.


    NADAVA

    Bana aristocracy in the Alupa Pandiyan kingdom in Tulunadu situated along the Dakshina kannada areas of Karnataka were called Nadava. At Tulunadu Nadavas were Kannada speaking subgroup of Tulu speaking Bunt community. Bunt or Buntaru meant bonded people. Bant and Bannaya were the other terms indicating their Bana ancestry. Because of intermixture of Nagas from Uttara Panchala country Bunts have adopted Matriarchal descendency and Naga worship. They are also having fair complexion resembling Nepalese people. Nadavas had been folliwing Patrilineal descendency earlier but in the past few hundred they have adopted Matrilineal descendency. Nadavas practice Hindu and Jain religions.
    Nairs who migrated from Ahichatram in the Uttara Panchala country were of Naga ethnicity and they had been Naga subgroups of Tulu Bunt community. Nairs separated themselves from Bunts an they invaded Kerala under the leadership of Banapperumal in 1120 AD.



    NADAVARA OF UTTARA KANNADA

    Nadavara clans of Uttara Kannada were the aristocracy of Gokarna Pandya dynasty and Kadamba kingdom. Unlike their counterparts in the Alupa kingdom of Tulunadu, Uttara Kannada Nadavara followed Patrilineal descendency only. This indicates that the northern Kannada Nadavara did not mix with Naga clans. Nadavara converted from Jainism to Hinduism in the 16th and 17th centuries.

    Regional variants of Nadavara are pronounced such as: Nadavara, Nadava, Nadavarau, Nadav, Nadgichi, Nadge, Nadig, and Nadvy.


    NADOR OF GOA KADAMBA KINGDOM AND GOKARNA PANDYAN KINGDOM

    Nador community is dominant in Ankola and Gokarna region. They are found in coastal Karwar, Ankola, Kumta Taluks.

    Nador of Goa Kadamba kingdom have two subgroups.

    1. UPPU NADOR
    2. TORKE NADOR


    BANA CLANS OF COASTAL KARNATAKA

    Alwa, Ballal, Bhand, Bhandari, Bhillava, Bhillava/Nadavaru; Bunt, Chauta, Hegde, Nadavaru, Nador, Navadaru, Parivara Bunt, Pariwara Bant, Semitha, Shetty, Torke Nador, Tulu Billava, Uppu Nador, Bakad etc.


    BANA VERSUS VILLAVAR TITLES

    Alva=Avar
    Ballal= Vallala
    Bhand= Bana
    Bhandari= Bhandari
    Bhillava=Villavar
    Nadavaru=Nadar
    Parivara Bant= Parivara Bajar
    Shetty=Shetty
    Nador= Nadar

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    NADAVA AND BUNTS


    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunt_(community)

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    NADAVARA OF UTTARA KANNADA


    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadavara


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    NADOR OF UTTARA KANNADA AND GOA KADAMBA KINGDOM


    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nador_(caste)

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    ORIGIN OF NADAVARA CLANS


    https://www.academia.edu/8353455/Origin_of_the_Nadavara_clan

    Nadavara association with Rashtrakuta and Kalachuri kingdoms

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